Arthritis is a long-term condition that causes pain, stiffness and inflammation in the joints. It is one of the most common causes of chronic pain and disability worldwide and affects people of all ages, not just older adults. While many people associate arthritis with general wear and tear, there are many different forms of the condition, including inflammatory and autoimmune types that behave very differently.
This article explains what is arthritis, with a detailed focus on what is rheumatoid arthritis. It covers symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options and long-term management, while also exploring how people can maintain independence and quality of life with the right support.
What is arthritis?
What is arthritis refers to a group of conditions that cause pain, swelling, stiffness and reduced movement in one or more joints. A joint is where two bones meet, such as the knee, hip, shoulder or fingers. Arthritis is a condition that causes pain because it affects the structures that allow joints to move smoothly, including cartilage, bone, ligaments and the tissue lining the joint.
Arthritis symptoms can range from mild to severe. Some people experience occasional discomfort, while others develop persistent pain that interferes with daily activities. Common arthritis symptoms include joint pain, joint stiffness, swelling, tenderness, warmth around joints and reduced range of motion. In some cases, symptoms worsen over time.
Arthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it is most common in the hands, wrists, knees, hips, feet, ankles and spine. Some forms of arthritis affect just a few joints, while others affect multiple joints throughout the body.
As arthritis progresses, it can make everyday tasks such as dressing, bathing, preparing meals or walking more difficult. When this happens, practical support such as Personal Care or 24 Hour Home Care can help people remain safe and independent at home.
Types of arthritis
Arthritis is not a single disease. There are over 100 recognised types, each with different causes and patterns of progression. The most common categories include:
- Degenerative arthritis, where joints wear down over time
- Inflammatory arthritis, driven by inflammation
- Autoimmune arthritis, where the immune system attacks the body’s tissues
Osteoarthritis is the most common form and develops when cartilage gradually breaks down. Inflammatory and autoimmune forms tend to progress differently and can affect the whole body rather than just individual joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis falls into the autoimmune category and is one of the most serious types of arthritis due to its potential to cause permanent joint damage and systemic complications.
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
What is rheumatoid arthritis is best explained as a chronic autoimmune condition. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the immune system attacks healthy joint tissue by mistake. Instead of protecting the body, the immune system sends antibodies that target the tissue lining inside joints, known as the synovium.
This immune response causes persistent joint inflammation. Over time, inflamed joint tissue damages cartilage and bone, leading to joint damage, deformity and loss of function. Rheumatoid arthritis is classed as an autoimmune disease because the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues.
Unlike osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis affects joints symmetrically. This means the same joints on both sides of the body are often involved. Small joints are usually affected first, particularly in the hands, wrists, and feet, before larger joints become involved.
How rheumatoid arthritis affects the body
Rheumatoid arthritis affects more than joints. Because it is driven by immune system dysfunction, inflammation can spread beyond the joints and affect other parts of the body.
In some people, rheumatoid arthritis affects blood vessels, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Others may develop lung disease, eye inflammation or nerve involvement. These complications are more likely in people with severe rheumatoid arthritis or poorly controlled inflammation.
Fatigue is also a major feature. Many people experience extreme tiredness that is unrelated to activity or sleep. This fatigue is linked to ongoing immune system activation and inflammation rather than just pain.
Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms
Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms vary between individuals and often change over time. Symptoms may develop gradually or appear suddenly, and they often fluctuate.
Common symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis include pain, pain and stiffness, swollen joints, joint stiffness and reduced joint movement. Pain swelling and stiffness are usually worse in the morning or after periods of rest.
Flare ups are periods when symptoms suddenly worsen. During flare ups, joints may become more painful, swollen and stiff, making movement difficult. These flare ups may last days or weeks and can significantly affect daily life.
Other symptoms include painful joints during movement, warmth around joints, tenderness and visible swelling. Rheumatoid nodules may develop in some people as firm lumps under the skin near affected joints.
General symptoms are also common. These include extreme tiredness, low energy, loss of appetite and a general feeling of being unwell. These symptoms often have a major impact on quality of life.
Which joints are affected?
Affected joints in rheumatoid arthritis typically include the hands, wrists, feet and toes. The condition often begins in small joints before progressing to larger joints such as knees, shoulders, elbows and ankles.
A defining feature is that symptoms usually appear in the same joints on both sides of the body. This symmetrical pattern helps distinguish rheumatoid arthritis from other forms of arthritis.
In early stages, rheumatoid arthritis may affect just a few joints. Without treatment, it can progress to involve many joints and cause permanent damage.
Why rheumatoid arthritis develops
Rheumatoid arthritis develops due to a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. Although the exact cause is not fully understood, it is known that immune system attacks on joint tissue drive the disease.
Family history increases the likelihood of developing rheumatoid arthritis, although not everyone with a family history will develop the condition. Other risk factors include smoking, hormonal influences and certain infections.
Once triggered, the immune response becomes ongoing. The immune system attacks joint tissue repeatedly, causing chronic inflammation and progressive joint damage.
Arthritis and joint damage over time
In inflammatory arthritis, joint damage occurs when inflammation is not adequately controlled. Repeated episodes of inflammation erode cartilage and bone, weaken ligaments and tendons, and alter joint shape.
Joint damage may not be immediately visible. Early inflammation can exist without obvious changes on imaging tests. Over time, damage becomes more apparent and may lead to deformity, reduced movement and chronic pain.
Preventing joint damage is one of the primary goals of rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Early diagnosis and early treatment significantly reduce the risk of irreversible damage.
Diagnosis and early treatment
Early diagnosis is critical in rheumatoid arthritis. Early treatment improves long-term outcomes and reduces the risk of joint damage and disability.
Diagnosis usually involves a detailed medical history, focusing on symptoms, duration, stiffness patterns and functional impact. A physical examination is used to assess swollen joints, tenderness and range of movement.
Blood tests support diagnosis and monitoring. These may include inflammatory markers, rheumatoid factor and other blood proteins associated with immune activity. Rheumatoid factor is present in many, but not all, people with rheumatoid arthritis.
Imaging tests such as X-rays, ultrasound or MRI scans are used to detect joint inflammation and early joint damage. Regular blood tests are often required to monitor disease activity and treatment safety over time.
Treating arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Treating arthritis depends on the specific type involved. In rheumatoid arthritis, treatment focuses on controlling immune system activity, reducing inflammation and preventing joint damage.
There is currently no permanent cure for rheumatoid arthritis. Claims about how to cure rheumatoid arthritis permanently should be approached with caution. However, many people achieve remission or very low disease activity with modern treatment.
Rheumatoid arthritis treatments aim to reduce pain, control inflammation, slow progression and maintain function. Medication is central to treatment and is usually started as soon as diagnosis is confirmed.
Doctors may prescribe disease-modifying medications to suppress immune system activity. Anti-inflammatory medication may be used to relieve pain and swelling, particularly during flare ups. Treatment plans are adjusted based on response and side effects.
Supportive treatments and rehabilitation
Supportive treatments are an essential part of managing rheumatoid arthritis. Occupational therapy helps people adapt daily activities and reduce strain on affected joints.
An occupational therapist may recommend joint protection techniques, splints or adaptations to the home. These measures help people continue with everyday tasks while minimising pain and fatigue.
Physical activity is also important. Exercise regularly supports muscle strength, joint flexibility and circulation. Strong muscles help protect joints and improve stability.
Complementary therapies are sometimes explored, but many have little or no evidence to support their effectiveness. Any additional therapies should be discussed with a healthcare professional.
Surgery and advanced treatment options
In advanced cases, surgery may be considered. Joint replacement can improve mobility and reduce pain when joints are severely damaged.
Wrist surgery or procedures to remove inflamed joint tissue may be used in selected cases to improve hand function and reduce inflammation. Surgery is generally considered only after other treatments have failed.
Managing flare ups and symptom changes
Flare ups are a key feature of rheumatoid arthritis. During flare ups, inflammation increases, leading to worsening pain, swelling and stiffness.
Triggers may include stress, illness, overexertion or medication changes, although flare ups can occur without a clear cause. Recognising early warning signs allows people to adjust activity levels and seek medical advice promptly.
Symptoms may change over time. Some people experience long periods of remission, while others have more frequent flare ups. Ongoing monitoring ensures treatment remains appropriate as the condition evolves.
Fatigue, sleep and emotional wellbeing
Fatigue is one of the most challenging symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. It is linked to inflammation and immune system activity rather than just pain or lack of sleep.
Persistent fatigue can affect concentration, motivation and emotional wellbeing. Poor sleep quality is common, particularly during periods of increased pain.
Emotional support is an important part of long-term management. Chronic pain and fatigue can affect mental health and confidence. Access to emotional support improves coping and quality of life.
Living with arthritis and long-term support
Living with rheumatoid arthritis requires long-term management and adjustment. Many people continue to work, socialise and remain independent with the right treatment and support.
When symptoms affect mobility, safety or confidence at home, additional support can make a significant difference. Services such as Live-In Care, Companionship Care and Respite Care can help people manage daily life during periods of increased symptoms.
Outlook and quality of life
Rheumatoid arthritis is a lifelong condition, but outcomes have improved significantly with early diagnosis and modern treatment. Many people achieve good symptom control and maintain a normal life.
Early diagnosis, consistent treatment, regular monitoring and access to supportive care all contribute to better long-term outcomes. Although there is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis, it can often be managed effectively.
With the right combination of medical care, rehabilitation and practical support, people with rheumatoid arthritis can maintain independence, dignity and quality of life over the long term.
Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis FAQs
What is arthritis?
Arthritis is a condition that causes pain, stiffness, swelling and reduced movement in one or more joints. It refers to a group of conditions rather than a single disease.
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the tissue lining inside joints, causing inflammation, pain and joint damage over time.
Is rheumatoid arthritis the same as osteoarthritis?
No. Osteoarthritis is mainly caused by joint wear and tear, while rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition driven by inflammation and immune system dysfunction.
What are the main symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
Common symptoms include joint pain, pain and stiffness, swollen joints, reduced movement, fatigue and flare ups where symptoms worsen suddenly.
Which joints does rheumatoid arthritis affect?
Rheumatoid arthritis most commonly affects small joints in the hands, wrists and feet. It often affects the same joints on both sides of the body.
What causes rheumatoid arthritis?
The exact cause is unknown, but it develops due to a combination of genetic risk, immune system dysfunction, family history and environmental factors such as smoking.
How is rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed?
Diagnosis usually involves a medical history, physical examination, blood tests and imaging tests to assess joint inflammation and damage.
Is there a cure for rheumatoid arthritis?
There is currently no permanent cure for rheumatoid arthritis. However, modern treatment can control symptoms, reduce flare ups and slow or prevent joint damage.
How is rheumatoid arthritis treated?
Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, controlling pain, protecting joints and maintaining mobility. This often includes medication, supportive therapies and lifestyle management.
Can people with rheumatoid arthritis live a normal life?
Many people with rheumatoid arthritis live active and independent lives with early diagnosis, effective treatment and appropriate support when needed.
Michael Mensah brings over seven years of experience as a Nutritionist, guided by a genuine passion for improving people’s wellbeing. His strong commitment to supporting others in living with dignity and independence led him into the care sector.
He began his journey at Careline Home Support as a Care Worker, progressed to Team Leader, then Assistant Care Co-ordinator, and now works as a Care Co-ordinator. In this role, he provides personalised, person-centred care that respects each individual’s needs, while upholding the highest standards of compassion, safeguarding, and respect.
For Michael, caregiving is not just a profession but a meaningful exchange rooted in empathy. He believes that just as nature supports itself, those who need help should be met by those ready to offer it. His work brings him a deep sense of purpose, and he is proud to help foster a team culture built on kindness, professionalism, and mutual support.
